U.S. Retail Sales Rose Modestly in November

Broadly consumer demand is strong, and is well above last year’s levels. Retail sales rose 18.2% in November from a year earlier, showing low unemployment, rising wages and savings from stimulus payments are giving Americans the capacity to spend more this year.

Barriers stand in their way, however, with inflation at a 39-year high and supply chain and labor issues causing shortages of goods and depleted capacity in the service industry.

Consumer prices rose 6.8% in November from a year earlier, according to the Labor Department. Although major bottlenecks persist at ports around the world, retail imports are expected to finish the year with both the largest volume and fastest growth on record, according to the National Retail Federation.

The latest data suggests “Black Friday sales were weak and appears to highlight the ongoing drag on consumption from goods shortages,” said

Andrew Hunter,

senior economist for Capital Economics.

Wednesday’s report showed sales at electronics stores down 4.6% in November from the previous month, while sales at general merchandise stores were down 1.2%. Spending at nonstore retailers, including online sellers, was flat last month.

Stores that sell sporting goods, musical instruments and books saw sales increase by 1.3% in November, the same as the increase at food and beverage stores. Sales at gas stations were up 1.7% last month and are up 52% from a year earlier, in part reflecting higher prices at the pump.

Since retail sales figures aren’t adjusted for inflation, higher prices contribute to some of the growth. But other factors, like a persistent savings glut for many consumers since the worst of the pandemic, are also fueling growth. That can contribute to a continued cycle of rising prices, given that companies feel confident that customers will be willing to pay them.

“We’re not seeing that resistance,” said

Bruce Thorn,

chief executive of Big Lots Inc., the discount retailer, on an earnings call earlier this month. “We’re expecting to be able to continue to pass along these price increases.”

Danielle David,

owner of Danielle’s Consignment Boutique in Rochester, Minn., said 2021 will be the best year in the 14 years she has been in business. She has already passed $350,000 in sales this year, after recording annual revenue of around $240,000 in 2019 and 2020, due to robust sales of secondhand luxury goods from brands like

Lululemon,

Michael Kors and Gucci.

“People want to save money, but they also want to shop a lot more, so here they can get a $50-$100 shirt for $12,” she said. It helped that so many people spent their free time during pandemic shutdowns tidying up their homes and mounting a war on clutter.

Ms. David already sees opportunities around the corner: With prom dresses expected to be in short supply next spring, she has stocked up on more vintage offerings to get ready. “I’ve been telling people to come on down and get ’em while I’ve got ’em,” she said.

The backlogs that have kept ocean liners anchored offshore for weeks at a time due to pandemic disruptions aren’t abating quickly, despite a raft of new federal policies and changes to procedures at major seaports. Though major retailers, like

Walmart Inc.

and

Amazon.com Inc.,

have managed to keep shelves stocked and deliveries flowing, stores run the risk of getting stuck with excess or outdated inventory if goods arrive too late for holiday shopping.

“The supply side can’t catch up with rising demand,” said

Sung Won Sohn,

an economist at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. “In the Los Angeles harbor, ships loaded with Christmas merchandise are waiting as far as eyes can see.”

Industries where inflation is hitting hardest may start to see consumers pull back from certain purchases because of price increases.

Jill Grobowsky Bergus, co-owner of three Lockhart Smokehouse barbecue restaurants in the Dallas area, said that they have had to raise prices by 20% to 30% in recent months and have held back from further increases because they worry customers will blanch.

“We’re talking to our meat supplier like we’re day traders,” Ms. Grobowsky Bergus said. Beef prices are up 21% over the past year while pork is up 17%, according to government data.

Shortages of materials and labor have also caused problems. Lockhart Smokehouse has raised pay to keep their employees and has had to contend with suppliers who don’t have enough delivery drivers. Even the 2-ounce plastic cups for barbecue sauce have been in short supply.

Still, sales were strong in November, she said, and have improved since the worst of the Delta variant wave this summer.

Write to Gabriel T. Rubin at gabriel.rubin@wsj.com